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| − | = OLD PAGE -- DON'T USE =
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| − | [[User:Rhockens#anchor|anchor]]
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| − | ----
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| − | <br />
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| − | <br />
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| − | <br />
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| − | <br />
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| − | Table test
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| − | {| class="wikitable"
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| − | |+Authors and Topics
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| − | |-
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| − | |[[Ittcl#Astika_Nehra|Astika Nehra]]
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| − | |Apple
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| − | |-
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| − | |[[Ittcl#Patrick_Geahan|Patrick Geahan]]
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| − | |Pie
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| − | |-
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| − | |[[Ittcl#John_B_Wyatt_IV|John B. Wyatt IV]]
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| − | |Ice cream
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| − | |}
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| − | = Content Inventory of [[Ittcl|Introduction to the Command Line]] =
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| − |
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| − | == Intro to the Command Line: TOC with Sections and Individual Chapters ==
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| − |
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| − | '''Introduction'''<br />
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| − | : 1. Introduction<br />
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| − | : 2. About this Manual<br />
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| − | '''Basics'''<br />
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| − | : 3. Getting Started<br />
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| − | : 4. Beginning Syntax<br />
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| − | : 5. Moving Around<br />
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| − | '''Commands'''<br />
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| − | : 6. Basic Commands<br />
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| − | : 7. Standard Files<br />
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| − | : 8. Cut Down on Typing<br />
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| − | : 9. Superusers<br />
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| − | : 10. Redirection<br />
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| − | '''Advanced-ish'''<br />
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| − | : 11. Multiple Files<br />
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| − | : 12. Searching for Files<br />
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| − | : 13. Piping<br />
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| − | : 14. Processes<br />
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| − | : 15. File Structure<br />
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| − | : 16. Command History<br />
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| − | '''Advanced'''<br />
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| − | : 17. Permissions<br />
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| − | : 18. Interactive Editing<br />
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| − | : 19. Checking Exit<br />
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| − | : 20. Sub Commands<br />
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| − | : 21. Moving Again<br />
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| − | : 22. Customization<br />
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| − | : 23. Parameter Substitution<br />
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| − | : 24. GNU Screen<br />
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| − | : 25. SSH<br />
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| − | : 26. Git<br />
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| − | : 27. Installing Software<br />
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| − | : 28. Making Your Own Interpreter<br />
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| − | '''Text Editors'''<br />
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| − | : 29. Text Editors [''removed vim, emacs, kedit, gedit'']<br />
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| − | : 30. Nano<br />
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| − | '''Scripting'''<br />
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| − | : 31. Scripting<br />
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| − | : 32. Maintaining Scripts<br />
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| − | : 33. Other Languages<br />
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| − | : 34. Sed<br />
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| − | : 35. Awk<br />
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| − | : 36. Regular Expressions<br />
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| − | '''Scripting Languages''' [''removed perl, ruby, GNU Octave'']<br />
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| − | : 37. Python<br />
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| − | '''Appendices'''<br />
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| − | : 38. Glossary<br />
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| − | : 39. Command Quick<br />
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| − | : 40. Outline<br />
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| − | : 41. Credits<br />
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| − |
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| − | <span id="anchor"></span>
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| − |
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| − | == Content Inventory (Formatted) ==
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| − |
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| − | 1. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#introduction Introduction]'''<br />
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| − | : 1.1. Put Yourself in Command [''comparison of GUI and command line for same task'']<br />
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| − | : 1.2. Advantages of Using Commands<br />
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| − | :: 1.2.1. Flexibility<br />
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| − | :: 1.2.2. Reliability<br />
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| − | :: 1.2.3. Speed<br />
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| − | :: 1.2.4. Experience [''learning experience'']<br />
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| − | :: 1.2.5. Fun<br />
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| − | : 1.3. The Value of Scripting<br />
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| − | : 1.4. Is my Computer Sick? [''get hardware and software info from command line'']<br />
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| − | : 1.5. Spanning the Network [''execute commands on remote computer using command line'']<br />
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| − | : 1.6. Even Graphical Programs are Commands [''examining GUI program behavior via command line'']<br />
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| − |
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| − | : Terms: command line, command line interface, command line program, commands, GNU/Linux, graphical user interface, program, scripting, script, text file
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| − |
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| − | 2. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#about-this-manual About this Manual]''' [''origin of book and ways to contribute'']<br />
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| − |
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| − | 3. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#getting-started Getting Started]'''<br />
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| − | : 3.1. Getting Started<br />
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| − | :: <code>$date</code>
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| − | : 3.2. The Command Line Can do Much Better [''beyond simple commands without options'']<br />
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| − | : 3.3. What Do We Mean By a Command? [''command is executable file; mentions builtins'']<br />
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| − | : 3.4. Ways to Enter Commands<br />
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| − | : 3.5. Finding a Terminal<br />
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| − | : 3.6. Running an Individual Command<br />
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| − | : 3.7. How We Show Commands and Output in This Book<br />
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| − |
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| − | : Terms: shell, terminal, desktop environment<br />
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| − | : Commmands: date<br />
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| − |
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| − | 4. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#beginning-syntax Beginning Syntax]'''<br />
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| − | : 4.1. Arguments [''examples of args using echo'']<br />
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| − | :: <code>$echo foo</code>
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| − | : 4.2. Options [''examples of options using date'']<br />
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| − | :: <code>$date --utc</code>
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| − | : 4.3. Repeating and editing commands [''keyboard up arrow for previous commands (no mention of'' history''); right, left arrow to edit'']<br />
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| − |
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| − | : Terms: argument, white space, quoting, option<br />
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| − | : Commands: echo, date<br />
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| − |
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| − | 5. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#moving-around Moving Around]''' [''navigating file system'']<br />
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| − | : 5.1. Absolute and relative paths
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| − | :: <code>$pwd</code>
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| − | :: <code>$cd</code>
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| − | : 5.2. Good to be back home [''introduces home directory; two ways to return to it'']
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| − | :: <code>$cd</code>
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| − | :: <code>$cd ~</code>
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| − | : 5.3 The . and .. directories<br />
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| − |
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| − | : Terms: folders, directories, filesystem, root directory, absolute path, relative path, parent directory (..), current directory (.)<br />
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| − | : Commands: pwd, cd<br />
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| − |
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| − | 6. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#basic-commands Basic Commands]'''<br />
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| − | : 6.1. ls<br />
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| − | :: <code>$ls</code>
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| − | :: <code>$ls --color</code>
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| − | : 6.2. man, info & apropos<br />
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| − | :: <code>$man ls</code>
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| − | :: <code>$info ls</code>
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| − | :: <code>$emacs -f info-standalone</code> [''view info main menu in Emacs'']<br />
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| − | :: <code>$apropos rename</code>
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| − | :: <code>$apropos -s 1 rename</code> [''brief into to manual page sections'']<br />
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| − | : 6.3. mv<br />
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| − | :: <code>$mv oldname newname</code>
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| − | :: <code>$mv -i oldname newname</code>
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| − | :: <code>$mv one_file another_file a_third_file ~/stuff</code>
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| − | : 6.4. mkdir<br />
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| − | :: <code>$mkdir ~/stuff</code>
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| − | :: <code>$rmdir ~/stuff</code>
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| − | : 6.5. rm & rmdir<br />
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| − | : 6.6. cat & less<br />
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| − | : Terms: subdirectory, manual page, Emacs, globbing, recursive<br />
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| − | : Commands: apropos, cat, cp, info, less, ls, man, mkdir, rmdir<br />
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| − |
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| − | 7. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#standard-files Standard Files]''' [''section introduces'' stdin, stdout, stderr; ''introduces redirection operator'' > ''(but not'' >>'') and pipe; file descriptors; ''exec]<br />
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| − | : 7.1. More about redirection<br />
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| − | :: <code>$ls *.bak > listfile</code>
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| − | :: <code>$ls *.bak | more</code>
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| − | :: <code>$ls -lR / | tee > allMyFiles</code>
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| − | : 7.2. Redirecting stderr<br />
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| − | :: <code>$ls /nosuchplace > /dev/null</code>
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| − | :: <code>$ls /nosuchplace 2>/tmp/errors</code>
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| − | :: <code>$ls *.bak > listfile 2>&1</code>
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| − | : 7.3. Adding more descriptors<br />
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| − | :: <code>$exec 3>/tmp/thirdfile</code>
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| − | :: <code>$exec 4>/tmp/fourthfile</code>
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| − | :: <code>$echo drib >&3</code>
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| − | :: <code>$ echo drab >&4</code>
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| − | :: <code>$ echo another drib >&3</code>
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| − | :: <code>$ echo another drab >&4</code>
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| − | :: <code>$ exec 3>&-</code>
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| − | :: <code>$ exec 4>&-</code>
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| − | 8. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#cut-down-on-typing Cut Down on Typing]'''<br />
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| − | : 8.1. All That Typing... [''short intro'']<br />
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| − | : 8.2. Autocompleting [''autocompletion using tab'']<br />
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| − | : 8.3. Copy and Paste [''copy and paste into command line using GUI and mouse'']<br />
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| − | : 8.4. History [''using keyboard up, down arrow to navigate history'']<br />
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| − |
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| − | 9. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#superusers Superusers]'''<br />
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| − | : 9.1. The Superuser (Root) [''narrative intro to root, superuser'']<br />
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| − | : 9.2. The sudo Command [''brief into to'' sudo ''and'' su]<br />
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| − | :: <code>$sudo rm -r /junk_directory</code>
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| − | 10. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#redirection Redirection]''' [''introduces'' >>''; redirection to'' /dev/null''; background process; job control not mentioned prior'']
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| − | : 10.1. Redirection
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| − | :: <code>$ls > my-file-list</code> [''introduces'' >> ''in narrative'']
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| − | :: <code>$bigprogram > /dev/null</code> [''brief intro to'' /dev/null]
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| − | :: <code>$mail joe < myfile.txt</code>
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| − | :: <code>$ogg123 *.ogg &</code>
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| − | :: <code>$ogg123 *.ogg >/dev/null 2>music_err &</code>
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | 11. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#multiple-files Multiple Files]'''<br />
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| − | : 11.1. Multiple Files [''introductory text'']<br />
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| − | : 11.2. Globbing<br />
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| − | :: 11.2.1. The "*" Wildcard<br />
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| − | ::: <code>$rm -- *</code> [''text says: When you use just an asterisk ("*") with rm, and basically any other command, it is always a good idea to put an option terminator ("--") before the wildcard like this:'']
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| − | :: 11.2.2. The "?" Wildcard<br />
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| − | :: 11.2.3. The "[ ]" Wildcards<br />
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| − | :: 11.2.4. Brace Expansion [''first mention of bash'']<br />
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| − | : 11.3. Globbing When No File Matches<br />
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| − | : 11.4. Disabling A Wildcard<br />
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | 12. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#searching-for-files Searching for Files]'''<br />
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| − | : 12.1. Wildcards with Find<br />
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| − | :: <code>$find . -name 'some*' -print</code>
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| − | : 12.2. Trimming The Search Path<br />
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| − | :: <code>$find . -maxdepth 1 -name 'some*' -print</code>
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| − | : 12.3. Using Criteria<br />
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| − | :: <code>$find ~ -mtime -3 -print</code>
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| − | : 12.4. Using Find To Run a Command on Multiple Files [''introduces'' exec ''option to'' find]<br />
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| − | :: <code>$find directory_to_backup -mtime +30 -size +500k -print \</code>
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| − | :::<code>-exec rm {} \;</code>
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| − | :: <code>$find . -name 'file*' -exec cp {} {}.backup \;</code>
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | 13. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#piping Piping]''' [''introduces'' cat, cut, sort, uniq, ''and'' grep ''to illustrate the use of pipes'']<br />
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| − | : 13.1 Piping Hot Commands [''illustrating use of pipes'']
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| − | :: <code>$cat books</code>
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| − | :: <code>$sort books</code>
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| − | :: <code>$cut -d: -f1 books</code>
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| − | :: <code>$sort books | cut -d: -f1</code>
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| − | :: <code>$sort books | cut -d: -f2</code>
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| − | :: <code>$cut -d: -f2 books | sort</code>
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| − | :: <code>$cut -d: -f1 books | sort | grep "John"</code>
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| − | :: <code>$cut -d: -f1 books | sort | grep ", John"</code>
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| − | :: <code>$cut -d: -f1 books | sort | grep ", John" | uniq -c</code>
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| − | :: <code>$cut -d: -f1 books | sort | grep ", John" | uniq -c | sort -nr</code>
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | 14. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#processes Processes]''' <br />
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| − | : 14.1. Processes [''briefly introduces concept of a process'']<br />
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| − | : 14.2. Interrupting (Ctrl-C) [''introduces'' SIGINT ''as raised on CTRL-C; first mention of kernel''] <br />
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| − | : 14.3. ps and kill [''introduces'' top; ''mentions'' tty]<br />
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| − | :: <code>$ps</code>
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| − | :: <code>$tty</code>
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| − | :: <code>$ps -e</code>
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| − | :: <code>$kill 3941</code> [''doesn't explain where pid in example comes from; mentions'' kill ''and option'' 9, ''introduces'' SIGKILL, ''and'' $kill -s SIGKILL (pid)]
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| − | : 14.4. Processes and jobs (background) [''starting process in background with'' &, ''introduces'' fg, bg, ''and Ctrl-Z, and'' jobs]
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| − | :: <code>$firefox &</code>
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| − | :: <code>$fg 3694</code>
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| − | :: <code>$fg %1</code>
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| − | :: <code>$jobs</code>
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | 15. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#file-structure File Structure]'''<br />
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| − | : 15.1. Files and Directories [''introduces GNU/Linux directory structure; introduces concept of hidden file'' (~/.sugar/default/logs), ''suggests referring to'' heir ''man page'']<br />
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | 16. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#command-history Command History]'''<br />
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| − | : 16.1. Command History Shortcuts [''brief first mention of'' cron; ''reiterates keyboard arrow up, down to navigate history]<br />
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| − | : 16.2. Recalling a command by a string [''introduces'' !, !''command'':p, !!]<br />
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| − | :: <code>$!mv</code>
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| − | :: <code>$!mv:p</code>
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| − | :: <code>$!?log?</code> [Rhockens: ''I can't figure out how this works'']
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| − | :: <code>$sudo !!</code> [''after mentioning'' !! ''in text'']
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| − | : 16.3. Recalling a command by number<br />
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| − | :: <code>$history</code>
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| − | :: <code>$!504</code>
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| − | :: <code>$!-4</code>
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| − | : 16.4. Repeating arguments [''introduces'' !*, !^, ''and'' !$, :number, ''and'' :number ''range'']
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| − | :: [''code samples below in pairs showing original command and command using recall operator'']
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| − | <br />
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| − | :: <code>$emasc /home/fred/mywork.java /tmp/testme.java # FAILS</code>
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| − | :: <code>$emacs !* # fixed command name and recalled all arguments with !*</code>
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| − | <br />
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| − | :: <code>$emacs /home/fred/mywork.java /tmp/testme.java</code>
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| − | :: <code>$svn commit !^ # equivalent to: svn commit /home/fred/mywork.java</code>
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| − | <br />
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| − | :: <code>$mv /home/fred/downloads/sample_screen_config /home/fred/.screenrc</code>
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| − | :: <code>$emacs !$ # equivalent to: emacs /home/fred/.screenrc</code>
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| − | <br />
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| − | :: <code>$sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/siteconfig /home/fred/siteconfig.bak</code>
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| − | :: <code>$echo !^ !!:2 # equivalent to echo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/siteconfig</code>
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| − | <br />
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| − | : 16.5. Editing Arguments [introduces editing recalled arguments with s/foo/bar]
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| − | :: <code>$wc file1</code>
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| − | :: <code>$rm !$:s/1/2/ [expands to "rm file2"]</code>
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| − | <br />
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| − | :: <code>$wc file1</code>
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| − | :: <code>$^1^2</code> [Expands to "wc file2"; RH: Check on Arch]
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| − | : 16.6. Searching through the Command History [Ctrl-R for "reverse-i-search"]
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| − | : 16.7. Sharing Bash History [''update'' ~/.bashrc; ''hidden files and text editing have not yet been introduced; don't believe bash has been formally introduced'']
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| − | :: <code>shopt -s histappend</code>
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| − | :: <code>PROMPT_COMMAND='history -a'</code>
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | 17. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#premissions Permissions]'''<br />
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| − | : 17.1. What can I do? What can others do? [''introduces files types''; r, w, x ''permissions''; ''users and groups''; whoami; ''root'']<br />
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| − | : 17.2. Setting through chmod [introduces two ways to change permissions]
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| − | :: <code>$chmod u=rw,g=,o= motd</code>
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| − | :: <code>$chmod 0660 issue</code>
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | 18. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#interactive-editing Interactive Editing]''' [''introduces concept of key bindings; shows how to set vim or emacs; detailed discussion of emacs keybindings; suggests exploring vim on own; prior to discussion of vim in book'']<br />
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | 19. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#checking-exit Checking Exit]'''<br />
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| − | : 19.1. Exit Status [''introduces exit status''; 0 success; $?]<br />
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| − | :: <code>$echo $?</code>
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| − | : 19.2. if/then [''introduces compound command'']<br />
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| − | : 19.3. && and ||<br />
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| − | : 19.4. What does an exit status mean?<br />
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | 20. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#sub-commands Sub Commands]''' <br />
| |
| − | : 20.1. Command Substitution [''introduces commmand substitution; breifly introduces adding alias to .bashrc; hidden files, text editing not yet introduced'']<br />
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| − | :: <code>$grep `date +%b` apache_error_log</code>
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| − | :: <code>.bashrc: alias monthlog="grep `date +%b` apache_error_log"</code>
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| − | :: <code>$grep $(date +%b) apache_error_log</code>
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | 21. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#moving-again Moving Again]''' [''introduces directory stack; dirs; pushd dir; pushd; pushd +/- number; popd; illustrates state of state after various example commands'']<br />
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | 22. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#customisation Customization]'''<br />
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| − | : 22.1. Useful customizations [''intro text'']<br />
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| − | :: 22.2. Variables [''assigning, unassigning variables'']<br />
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| − | ::: <code>$p=/home/jsmith/projects/foo/confoobulator</code>
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| − | ::: <code>$cd $p</code>
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| − | ::: <code>$VAR=""</code>
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| − | ::: <code>$unset VAR</code>
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| − | : 22.3. Ordinary Variables and Environment Variables<br />
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| − | :: <code>$export p</code>
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| − | : 22.4. Shell Variables [''describes several variables''; SHELL, USER, PATH, ''etc''.]<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$echo $HOME</code>
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| − | :: <code>$env</code>
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| − | : 22.5. Controlling Variable Expansion <br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$curr=myfile</code>
| |
| − | :: <code>$rm $curr1.jpeg # doesn't work</code>
| |
| − | :: <code>$rm ${curr}1.jpeg # works</code>
| |
| − | : 22.6. The Search Path [''brief into to search path; introduction of'' which]<br />
| |
| − | : 22.7. Configuration Files [''introduction to hidden files; .bashrc; reference to text editor chapter'']<br />
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 23. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#parameter-substitution Parameter Substitution]'''<br />
| |
| − | : 23.1. Parameter Substitution<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$curr=myfile</code>
| |
| − | :: <code>$rm ${curr}.jpeg</code>
| |
| − | :: <code>$rm ${curr/file/picture}.jpeg # to change file to picture and rm mypicture.jpg</code>
| |
| − | : 23.2. Playing Safe With Variables That Don't Exist [introduces :- and :=]<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$cat "${VARIABLE_FILE_NAME:-/home/user/file}"</code>
| |
| − | :: <code>$cat "${VARIABLE_FILE_NAME:=/home/user/file}"</code>
| |
| − | : 23.3. Cutting Corners With Variable Expansion<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$export ALT_LS='--color=always -b -h --filetype'</code>
| |
| − | :: <code>$ls $ALT_LS</code>
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 24. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#gnuscreen GNU Screen]''' [''introduces'' screen ''and key combinations for: splitting, copy and paste, detaching, quitting'']<br />
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 25. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#ssh SSH]''' [''intro to'' ssh, scp, rsync; ''discourages'' telnet; ''detached remote session using'' screen]<br />
| |
| − | : 25.1. SSH<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$ssh othermachine.domain.org</code>
| |
| − | :: <code>$ssh -l remoteusername othermachine.domain.org</code>
| |
| − | :: <code>$ssh remoteusername@othermachine.domain.org</code>
| |
| − | :: <code>$ssh remoteusername@othermachine.domain.org 'mkdir /home/myname/newdir'</code>
| |
| − | : 25.2. scp: file copying<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$scp myprog.py me@othermachine.domain.org:stuff</code>
| |
| − | :: <code>$scp me@othermachine.domain.org:docs/interview.txt yesterday-interview.txt</code>
| |
| − | :: <code>$scp user1@host1:file1 user2@host2:otherdir</code>
| |
| − | :: <code>$scp -r user1@host1:dir1 user2@host2:dir2</code>
| |
| − | : 25.3. rsync: automated bulk transfers and backups<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$rsync -e ssh -a /home/myname/docs me@quantum.example.edu:backup/</code>
| |
| − | : 25.4. Making life easier when you use SSH often [''editing'' .ssh/config]<br />
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 26. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#git Git]''' [''list of basic git commands'': clone, commit, revert; ''chapter appears incomplete'']<br />
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 27. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#installing-software Installing Software]''' [''basic commands for'' apt-get ''and'' yum; ''brief overview of compiling from source'']<br />
| |
| − | : 27.1. Dependencies [introduction to topic]<br />
| |
| − | : 27.2. Unpack the archive<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$tar zxvf packagename.tar.gz</code>
| |
| − | : 27.3. Run the configure script<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$./configure</code>
| |
| − | :: <code>$./configure --prefix ~/bin/myprogs</code>
| |
| − | : 27.4. Compile the software<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$make</code>
| |
| − | :: <code>$make -j3</code>
| |
| − | : 27.5. Install the software<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$sudo make install</code>
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 28. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#making-your-own-interpreter Making Your Own Interpreter]''' [''source code for'' bdc; ''compiling; usage'']<br />
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 29. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#text-editors Text Editors]''' [including nano; omitting vim, emacs, kedit, gedit]<br />
| |
| − | : 29.1. Text Editors [intro]<br />
| |
| − | :: 29.1.1. Word Processing vs Text Editing<br />
| |
| − | :: 29.1.2. Why do you need a text editor?<br />
| |
| − | :: 29.1.3. Why are most text editors command-line programs?<br />
| |
| − | : 29.2. Setting a default text editor<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$export EDITOR=emacs</code>
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 30. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#nano Nano]''' [''brief intro; basic use; start, save, exit'']<br />
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 31. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#scripting Scripting]'''<br />
| |
| − | : 31.1. Scripting [''intro; sample script'']<br />
| |
| − | : 31.2. Making scripts executable<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$chmod +x make_thumbnails.sh</code>
| |
| − | :: <code>$./make_thumbnails.sh</code>
| |
| − | :: <code>$bash make_thumbnails.sh</code>
| |
| − | : 31.3. More Control [''examples of'' if, while, etc.]<br />
| |
| − | :: 31.3.1. if<br />
| |
| − | :: 31.3.2. while (and until)<br />
| |
| − | :: 31.3.3. case<br />
| |
| − | :: 31.3.4. for<br />
| |
| − | :: 31.3.5. parallel<br />
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 32. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#maintaining-scripts Maintaining Scripts]''' [''guidelines for maintainable, robust scripts; e.g., "Use descriptive names for your scripts"'']<br />
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 33. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#other-languages Other Languages]''' [''introduction; introduces awk, sed, python; other languages omitted'']<br />
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 34. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#sed Sed]'''<br />
| |
| − | : 34.1. The Sed Text Processor<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$wc -c * | sort -n | sed ...</code>
| |
| − | : 34.2. Basic Syntax and Substitution<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$sed "s/foo/bar/g" inputfile > outputfile</code>
| |
| − | : 34.3. Sed Expressions Explained [''introduces'' $, ^, *, []]<br />
| |
| − | : 34.4. Deletion<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$sed "/^$/d" inputfile > outputfile</code>
| |
| − | : 34.5. Controlling Printing<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$sed -n "s/Mrs\./Ms/p" testfile</code>
| |
| − | : 34.6. Multiple Patterns<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$echo Gnus eat grass | sed -e "s/Gnus/Penguins/" -e "s/grass/fish/"</code>
| |
| − | : 34.7. Controlling Edits With Patterns<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$sed "/one/ s/number/1/" testfile > testchangedfile</code>
| |
| − | : 34.8. Controlling Edits With Line Numbers<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$sed "2,3 s/number/1/" < testfile > testchangedfile</code>
| |
| − | : 34.9. Scripting SED commands<br />
| |
| − | :: <code>$sed -f sedcommands < inputfile > outputfile</code>
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 35. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#awk Awk]''' [''basic intro to awk'']<br />
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 36. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#regular-expressions Regular Expressions]''' [''basic intro to regular expressions; operators, ranges, groups, anchoring, etc.'']<br />
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 37. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#python Python]''' [''new chapter TK'']<br />
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 38. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#glossary Glossary]''' [''update for second edition'']<br />
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 39. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#command-quickie Command Quickie]''' [''to be revised for second edition'']<br />
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 40. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#outline Outline]''' [''proposed outline for a future edition'']<br />
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 41. '''[https://en.flossmanuals.net/introduction-to-the-command-line/_full/#credits Credits]'''<br />
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == Content Inventory (Plain text) ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <nowiki>
| |
| − | Introduction
| |
| − | 1. Introduction
| |
| − | 2. About this Manual
| |
| − | Basics
| |
| − | 3. Getting Started
| |
| − | 4. Beginning Syntax
| |
| − | 5. Moving Around
| |
| − | Commands
| |
| − | 6. Basic Commands
| |
| − | 7. Standard Files
| |
| − | 8. Cut Down on Typing
| |
| − | 9. Superusers
| |
| − | 10. Redirection
| |
| − | Advanced-ish
| |
| − | 11. Multiple Files
| |
| − | 12. Searching for Files
| |
| − | 13. Piping
| |
| − | 14. Processes
| |
| − | 15. File Structure
| |
| − | 16. Command History
| |
| − | Advanced
| |
| − | 17. Permissions
| |
| − | 18. Interactive Editing
| |
| − | 19. Checking Exit
| |
| − | 20. Sub Commands
| |
| − | 21. Moving Again
| |
| − | 22. Customization
| |
| − | 23. Parameter Substitution
| |
| − | 24. GNU Screen
| |
| − | 25. SSH
| |
| − | 26. Git
| |
| − | 27. Installing Software
| |
| − | 28. Making Your Own Interpreter
| |
| − | Text Editors
| |
| − | 29. Text Editors [removed vim, emacs, kedit, gedit]
| |
| − | 30. Nano
| |
| − | Scripting
| |
| − | 31. Scripting
| |
| − | 32. Maintaining Scripts
| |
| − | 33. Other Languages
| |
| − | 34. Sed
| |
| − | 35. Awk
| |
| − | 36. Regular Expressions
| |
| − | Scripting Languages [removed perl, ruby, GNU Octave]
| |
| − | 37. Python
| |
| − | Appendices
| |
| − | 38. Glossary
| |
| − | 39. Command Quick
| |
| − | 40. Outline
| |
| − | 41. Credits
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 1. Introduction
| |
| − | 1.1. Put Yourself in Command [comparison of GUI and command line for same task]
| |
| − | 1.2. Advantages of Using Commands
| |
| − | 1.2.1. Flexibility
| |
| − | 1.2.2. Reliability
| |
| − | 1.2.3. Speed
| |
| − | 1.2.4. Experience [learning experience]
| |
| − | 1.2.5. Fun
| |
| − | 1.3. The Value of Scripting
| |
| − | 1.4. Is my Computer Sick? [gather info on your computer's hardware and software from command line]
| |
| − | 1.5. Spanning the Network [executing commands on remote computers using command line]
| |
| − | 1.6. Even Graphical Programs are Commands [examining GUI program behavior via command line]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 2. About this Manual [origin of book and ways to contribute]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 3. Getting Started
| |
| − | 3.1. Getting Started
| |
| − | $date
| |
| − | 3.2. The Command Line Can do Much Better [beyond simple commands without options]
| |
| − | 3.3. What Do We Mean By a Command? [command is executable file; mentions builtins]
| |
| − | 3.4. Ways to Enter Commands
| |
| − | 3.5. Finding a Terminal
| |
| − | 3.6. Running an Individual Command
| |
| − | 3.7. How We Show Commands and Output in This Book
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 4. Beginning Syntax
| |
| − | 4.1. Arguments [examples of args using echo]
| |
| − | $echo foo
| |
| − | 4.2. Options [examples of options using date]
| |
| − | $date --utc
| |
| − | 4.3. Repeating and editing commands [keyboard up arrow for previous commands (no mention of history); right, left arrow to edit]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 5. Moving Around [navigating file system]
| |
| − | 5.1. Absolute and relative paths
| |
| − | $pwd
| |
| − | $cd
| |
| − | 5.2. Good to be back home [introduces home directory; two ways to return to it]
| |
| − | $cd
| |
| − | $cd ~
| |
| − | 5.3 The . and .. directories
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 6. Basic Commands
| |
| − | 6.1. ls
| |
| − | $ls
| |
| − | $ls --color
| |
| − | 6.2. man, info & apropos
| |
| − | $man ls
| |
| − | $info ls
| |
| − | $emacs -f info-standalone [view info main menu in Emacs]
| |
| − | $apropos rename
| |
| − | $apropos -s 1 rename [brief into to manual page sections]
| |
| − | 6.3. mv
| |
| − | $mv oldname newname
| |
| − | $mv -i oldname newname
| |
| − | $mv one_file another_file a_third_file ~/stuff
| |
| − | 6.4. mkdir
| |
| − | $mkdir ~/stuff
| |
| − | $rmdir ~/stuff
| |
| − | 6.5. rm & rmdir
| |
| − | 6.6. cat & less
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 7. Standard Files [section introduces stdin, stdout, stderr; introduces redirection operator > (but not >>) and pipe; file descriptors; exec]
| |
| − | 7.1. More about redirection
| |
| − | $ls *.bak > listfile
| |
| − | $ls *.bak | more
| |
| − | $ls -lR / | tee > allMyFiles
| |
| − | 7.1. Redirecting stderr
| |
| − | $ls /nosuchplace > /dev/null
| |
| − | $ls /nosuchplace 2>/tmp/errors
| |
| − | $ls *.bak > listfile 2>&1
| |
| − | 7.2. Adding more descriptors
| |
| − | $exec 3>/tmp/thirdfile
| |
| − | $ exec 4>/tmp/fourthfile
| |
| − | $ echo drib >&3
| |
| − | $ echo drab >&4
| |
| − | $ echo another drib >&3
| |
| − | $ echo another drab >&4
| |
| − | $ exec 3>&-
| |
| − | $ exec 4>&-
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 8. Cut Down on Typing
| |
| − | 8.1. All That Typing... [short intro]
| |
| − | 8.2. Autocompleting [autocompletion using tab]
| |
| − | 8.3. Copy and Paste [copy and paste into command line using GUI and mouse]
| |
| − | 8.4. History [using keyboard up and down arrow to access history]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 9. Superusers
| |
| − | 9.1. The Superuser (Root) [narrative intro to root/superuser]
| |
| − | 9.2. The sudo Command [brief into to sudo and su]
| |
| − | $sudo rm -r /junk_directory
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 10. Redirection [introduces >>; redirection to /dev/null; background process; job control not mentioned prior]
| |
| − | 10.1. Redirection
| |
| − | $ls > my-file-list [introduces >> in narrative]
| |
| − | $bigprogram > /dev/null [brief intro to /dev/null]
| |
| − | $mail joe < myfile.txt
| |
| − | $ogg123 *.ogg &
| |
| − | $ogg123 *.ogg >/dev/null 2>music_err &
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 11. Multiple Files
| |
| − | 11.1. Multiple Files [introductory text]
| |
| − | 11.2. Globbing
| |
| − | 11.2.1. The "*" Wildcard
| |
| − | $rm -- *
| |
| − | 11.2.2. The "?" Wildcard
| |
| − | 11.2.3. The "[ ]" Wildcards
| |
| − | 11.2.4. Brace Expansion [first mention of bash]
| |
| − | 11.3. Globbing When No File Matches
| |
| − | 11.4. Disabling A Wildcard
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 12. Searching for Files
| |
| − | 12.1. Wildcards with Find
| |
| − | $find . -name 'some*' -print
| |
| − | 12.2. Trimming The Search Path
| |
| − | $find . -maxdepth 1 -name 'some*' -print
| |
| − | 12.3. Using Criteria
| |
| − | $find ~ -mtime -3 -print
| |
| − | 12.4. Using Find To Run a Command on Multiple Files [introduces exec option to find]
| |
| − | $find directory_to_backup -mtime +30 -size +500k -print \
| |
| − | -exec rm {} \;
| |
| − | $find . -name 'file*' -exec cp {} {}.backup \;
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 13. Piping [introduces cat, cut, sort, uniq, and grep to illustrate the use of pipes]
| |
| − | 13.1 Piping Hot Commands
| |
| − | $cat books
| |
| − | $sort books
| |
| − | $cut -d: -f1 books
| |
| − | $sort books | cut -d: -f1
| |
| − | $sort books | cut -d: -f2
| |
| − | $cut -d: -f2 books | sort
| |
| − | $cut -d: -f1 books | sort | grep "John"
| |
| − | $cut -d: -f1 books | sort | grep ", John"
| |
| − | $cut -d: -f1 books | sort | grep ", John" | uniq -c
| |
| − | $cut -d: -f1 books | sort | grep ", John" | uniq -c | sort -nr
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 14. Processes
| |
| − | 14.1. Processes [briefly introduces concept of a process]
| |
| − | 14.2. Interrupting (Ctrl-C) [introduces SIGINT as raised on CTRL-C; mentions kernel]
| |
| − | 14.3. ps and kill [introduces top but doesn't demonstrate, mentions tty]
| |
| − | $ps
| |
| − | $tty
| |
| − | $ps -e
| |
| − | $kill 3941 [doesn't explain where pid in example comes from; mentions kill option 9, SIGKILL, and $kill -s SIGKILL (pid)]
| |
| − | 14.4. Processes and jobs (background) [starting process in background with &, introduces fg, bg, and Ctrl-Z, and jobs]
| |
| − | $firefox &
| |
| − | $fg 3694
| |
| − | $fg %1
| |
| − | $jobs
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 15. File Structure
| |
| − | 15.1. Files and Directories [introduces GNU/Linux directory structure, introduces concept of hidden file (~/.sugar/default/logs), suggests referring to heir man page]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 16. Command History
| |
| − | 16.1. Command History Shortcuts [brief first mention of cron; reiterates keyboard arrow up, down to navigate]
| |
| − | 16.2. Recalling a command by a string [introduces !, !command:p, !!]
| |
| − | $!mv
| |
| − | $!mv:p
| |
| − | $!?log? [RH: not sure what this is doing]
| |
| − | $sudo !! [after mentioning !! in text]
| |
| − | 16.3. Recalling a command by number
| |
| − | $history
| |
| − | $!504
| |
| − | $!-4
| |
| − | 16.4. Repeating arguments [introduces !*, !^, and !$, :number, and :number range]
| |
| − | [code samples are pairs showing original command and command using recall operator]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | $emasc /home/fred/mywork.java /tmp/testme.java # FAILS
| |
| − | $emacs !* # FIXED COMMAND NAME, RECALLED ALL ARGUMENTS
| |
| − |
| |
| − | $emacs /home/fred/mywork.java /tmp/testme.java
| |
| − | $svn commit !^ # equivalent to: svn commit /home/fred/mywork.java
| |
| − |
| |
| − | $mv /home/fred/downloads/sample_screen_config /home/fred/.screenrc
| |
| − | $emacs !$ # equivalent to: emacs /home/fred/.screenrc
| |
| − |
| |
| − | $sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/siteconfig /home/fred/siteconfig.bak
| |
| − | $echo !^ !!:2 # equivalent to echo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/siteconfig
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 16.5. Editing Arguments [introduces editing recalled arguments with s/foo/bar]
| |
| − | $wc file1
| |
| − | $rm !$:s/1/2/ [expands to "rm file2"]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | $wc file1
| |
| − | $^1^2 [Expands to "wc file2"; RH: Check on Arch]
| |
| − | 16.6. Searching through the Command History [Ctrl-R for "reverse-i-search"]
| |
| − | 16.7. Sharing Bash History [update ~/.bashrc; hidden files and text editing have not yet been introduced; don't believe bash has been formally introduced]
| |
| − | shopt -s histappend
| |
| − | PROMPT_COMMAND='history -a'
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 17. Permissions
| |
| − | 17.1. What can I do? What can others do? [introduces files types; r, w, x permissions; users and groups; whoami; root]
| |
| − | 17.2. Setting through chmod [introduces two ways to change permissions]
| |
| − | $chmod u=rw,g=,o= motd
| |
| − | $chmod 0660 issue
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 18. Interactive Editing [introduces concept of key bindings; shows how to set vim or emacs; detailed discussion of emacs keybindings; suggests explore vim on own; prior to discussion of vim in book]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 19. Checking Exit
| |
| − | 19.1. Exit Status [introduces exit status; 0 success; $?]
| |
| − | $echo $?
| |
| − | 19.2. if/then [introduces compound command]
| |
| − | 19.3. && and ||
| |
| − | 19.4. What does an exit status mean?
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 20. Sub Commands
| |
| − | 20.1. Command Substitution [introduces command substitution; briefly introduces adding alias to .bashrc; hidden files, text editing not yet introduced]
| |
| − | $grep `date +%b` apache_error_log
| |
| − | .bashrc: alias monthlog="grep `date +%b` apache_error_log"
| |
| − | $grep $(date +%b) apache_error_log
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| − |
| |
| − | 21. Moving Again [introduces directory stack; dirs; pushd dir; pushd; pushd +/- number; popd; illustrates state of state after various example commands]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 22. Customizations
| |
| − | 22.1. Useful customizations [intro text]
| |
| − | 22.2. Variables [assigning, unassigning variables]
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| − | $p=/home/jsmith/projects/foo/confoobulator
| |
| − | $cd $p
| |
| − | $VAR=""
| |
| − | $unset VAR
| |
| − | 22.3. Ordinary Variables and Environment Variables
| |
| − | $export p
| |
| − | 22.4. Shell Variables [describes severeal variables; SHELL, USER, PATH, etc.]
| |
| − | $echo $HOME
| |
| − | $env
| |
| − | 22.5. Controlling Variable Expansion
| |
| − | $curr=myfile
| |
| − | $rm $curr1.jpeg # doesn't work
| |
| − | $rm ${curr}1.jpeg # works
| |
| − | 22.6. The Search Path [brief into to search path; introduction of which]
| |
| − | 22.7. Configuration Files [introduction to hidden files; .bashrc; reference to text editor chapter]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 23. Parameter Substitution
| |
| − | 23.1. Parameter Substitution
| |
| − | $curr=myfile
| |
| − | $rm ${curr}.jpeg
| |
| − | $rm ${curr/file/picture}.jpeg # to change file to picture and rm mypicture.jpg
| |
| − | 23.2. Playing Safe With Variables That Don't Exist [introduces :- and :=]
| |
| − | $cat "${VARIABLE_FILE_NAME:-/home/user/file}"
| |
| − | $cat "${VARIABLE_FILE_NAME:=/home/user/file}"
| |
| − | 23.3. Cutting Corners With Variable Expansion
| |
| − | $export ALT_LS='--color=always -b -h --filetype'
| |
| − | $ls $ALT_LS
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 24. GNU Screen [introduces screen and key combinations for: splitting, copy and paste, detaching, quitting]
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 25. SSH [intro to ssh, scp, rsync; discourages telnet; detached remoted session using screen]
| |
| − | 25.1. SSH
| |
| − | $ssh othermachine.domain.org
| |
| − | $ssh -l remoteusername othermachine.domain.org
| |
| − | $ssh remoteusername@othermachine.domain.org
| |
| − | $ssh remoteusername@othermachine.domain.org 'mkdir /home/myname/newdir'
| |
| − | 25.2. scp: file copying
| |
| − | $scp myprog.py me@othermachine.domain.org:stuff
| |
| − | $scp me@othermachine.domain.org:docs/interview.txt yesterday-interview.txt
| |
| − | $scp user1@host1:file1 user2@host2:otherdir
| |
| − | $scp -r user1@host1:dir1 user2@host2:dir2
| |
| − | 25.3. rsync: automated bulk transfers and backups
| |
| − | $rsync -e ssh -a /home/myname/docs me@quantum.example.edu:backup/
| |
| − | 25.4. Making life easier when you use SSH often [editing .ssh/config]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 26. Git [list of basic git commands: clone, commit, revert; chapter appears incomplete]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 27. Installing Software [basic commands for apt-get and yum; brief overview of compling from source]
| |
| − | 27.1. Dependencies [introduction to topic]
| |
| − | 27.2. Unpack the archive
| |
| − | $tar zxvf packagename.tar.gz
| |
| − | 27.3. Run the configure script
| |
| − | $./configure
| |
| − | $./configure --prefix ~/bin/myprogs
| |
| − | 27.4. Compile the software
| |
| − | $make
| |
| − | $make -j3
| |
| − | 27.5. Install the software
| |
| − | $sudo make install
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 28. Making Your Own Interpreter [source code for bdc; compiling; usage]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 29. Text Editors [including nano; omitting vim, emacs, kedit, gedit]
| |
| − | 29.1. Text Editors [intro]
| |
| − | 29.1.1. Word Processing vs Text Editing
| |
| − | 29.1.2. Why do you need a text editor?
| |
| − | 29.1.3. Why are most text editors command-line programs?
| |
| − | 29.2. Setting a default text editor
| |
| − | $export EDITOR=emacs
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 30. Nano [brief intro nano; basic use; start, save, exit]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 31. Scripting
| |
| − | 31.1. Scripting [intro; sample script]
| |
| − | 31.2. Making scripts executable
| |
| − | $chmod +x make_thumbnails.sh
| |
| − | $./make_thumbnails.sh
| |
| − | $bash make_thumbnails.sh
| |
| − | 31.3. More Control [examples of if, while, etc.]
| |
| − | 31.3.1. if
| |
| − | 31.3.2. while (and until)
| |
| − | 31.3.3. case
| |
| − | 31.3.4. for
| |
| − | 31.3.5. parallel
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 32. Maintaining Scripts [guidelines for maintainable, robust scripts; e.g., "Use descriptive names for your scripts"]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 33. Other Languages [introduction; introduces awk, sed, python; other languages omitted]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 34. Sed
| |
| − | 34.1. The Sed Text Processor
| |
| − | $wc -c * | sort -n | sed ...
| |
| − | 34.2. Basic Syntax and Substitution
| |
| − | $sed "s/foo/bar/g" inputfile > outputfile
| |
| − | 34.3. Sed Experessions Explained [introduces $, ^, *, []]
| |
| − | 34.4. Deletion
| |
| − | $sed "/^$/d" inputfile > outputfile
| |
| − | 34.5. Controlling Printing
| |
| − | $sed -n "s/Mrs\./Ms/p" testfile
| |
| − | 34.6. Multiple Patterns
| |
| − | $echo Gnus eat grass | sed -e "s/Gnus/Penguins/" -e "s/grass/fish/"
| |
| − | 34.7. Controlling Edits With Patterns
| |
| − | $sed "/one/ s/number/1/" testfile > testchangedfile
| |
| − | 34.8. Controlling Edits With Line Numbers
| |
| − | $sed "2,3 s/number/1/" < testfile > testchangedfile
| |
| − | 34.9. Scripting SED commands
| |
| − | $sed -f sedcommands < inputfile > outputfile
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 35. Awk [basic intro to awk]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 36. Regular Expressions [basic intro to regular expressions; operators, ranges, groups, anchoring, etc.]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 37. Python [new chapter]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 38. Glossary [update for second editing]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 39. Command Quickie [to be revised]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 40. Outline [proposed outline for a future edition]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | 41. Credits
| |
| − |
| |
| − | </nowiki>
| |
